Thoracic Key

Fig. 5.1 Downward displacement of the functional annulus (FA) from the anatomical annulus (AA). The displacement produces the atrialization of a portion of the right ventricle (aRV). CS coronary sinus…

Fig. 15.1 Surgical exposure of tricuspid valve When it is scheduled one isolated tricuspid valve surgery and is certain that there is no patent foramen ovale, it is possible to…

Fig. 13.1 Atrial view of the normal tricuspid valve. The anterior (A), posterior (P), and septal (S) leaflets are separated by commissures. The valve orifice allows to observe several chordae…

Fig. 16.1 (a, b) The Medtronic Melody® transcatheter pulmonary valve and its delivery system (Courtesy of Medtronic Inc., Santa Ana, CA, USA) About eighteen months after the Melody valve’s implant,…

Fig. 10.1 De Vega annuloplasty (Reproduced with permission from Antunes and Barlow [31]) While demonstrating a good midterm outcome [33, 34], the long-term result of this technique in a growing…

CVP value Possible explanations Low (<10 mmHg) Hypovolemia High (>15 mmHg) Tricuspid regurgitation  Primary systolic right ventricular dysfunction  Right ventricle outflow obstruction  Diastolic right ventricular dysfunction  Pulmonary hypertension  Pulmonary embolism …

Fig. 9.1 Natural history of patients with CCTGA presenting with (a) an unrestrictive ventricular septal defect combined with pulmonary valve stenosis and (b) an isolated unrestrictive ventricular septal defect On…

Fig. 12.1 NYHA functional class before and after surgery TR was severe in 20 patients, moderate in 41 and mild in 4. The median TR grade was 3 (range 2–4;…

Fig. 7.1 Echocardiographic picture of a neonate with pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum with a severely hypoplastic tricuspid valve and right ventricle In a minority of patients with PA…

Fig. 1.1 A cross-sectional view of the atrioventricular canal of an E13 mouse heart showing the superior (sAVC), inferior (iAVC), and right (rlAVC) and left (llAVC) lateral atrioventricular cushions. The…