Ultrasound for Phlebology Procedures
Fig. 7.1 Foamed sclerosant can be seen as hyperechoic bubbles present in the target vein There are advantages to using a transverse target position for needle access along the long…
Presentation of Chronic Venous Disease
Fig. 3.1 (a) Before treatment Clinical C4 – VCSS 16. (b). Four months after treatment, patient remains Clinical C4. Now C4 – V9 Fig. 3.2 (a) Prior to treatment Clinical…
Low-Flow Vascular Malformations
Fig. 17.1 The International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies classification system. Vascular anomalies are divided on the basis of cellular kinetics and clinical behavior into two major categories:…
Reflux Management
Tingling Aching Burning Muscle cramps Swelling Throbbing Heaviness Itching Restless legs Tiredness Fatigue Table 4.2 outlines differential diagnostic considerations for lower extremity pain and discomfort. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 outline…
Lymphedema
Fig. 23.1 Schematic diagram of the lymphatic system demonstrating the superficial and deep lymphatics and lymph nodes The lymphatic vasculature is composed of a hierarchal network of initial and collecting…
Venous Leg Ulcers
Ankle-brachial index ≥0.9–1.3 Normal range ≥0.6–0.8 Borderline perfusion ≤0.5 Severe ischemia Ankle pressure ≤40 mmHg Critical limb ischemia Toe pressure ≤30 mmHg Critical limb ischemia Transcutaneous oxygen pressure measurement (TcPO…
Upper Deep Vein Disease
Fig. 15.1 Some common symptoms of multiple sclerosis Other vascular problems of the cerebrospinal system produce different symptoms. Acute dural sinus or jugular vein obstruction, such as that caused by…
Vein Anesthesia
Esters Amides Procaine (Novocain®) Lidocaine (Xylocaine®) Chloroprocaine (Nesacaine®) Mepivacaine (Polocaine® or Carbocaine®) Bupivacaine (Marcaine®) Prilocaine (Citanest®) Ropivacaine (Naropin®) Bupivacaine was first synthesized in 1957 and was of particular interest because…
Transcutaneous Laser Vein Ablation
Fig. 13.1 Absorption spectrum of hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (Prahl [27]) Fig. 13.2 Absorption spectrum of melanin (Jacques [28]) Fig. 13.3 Absorption spectrum of water (Hale and Querry [29]) Fig. 13.4…
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Fig. 20.1 Platelets and the two types of granules they contain. Alpha granules contain insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B), platelet factor 4…
