Liability and Risk Management in Fetal Monitoring Malpractice litigation is prevalent in modern clinical practice, and the associated stress affects all health care providers (1,2). Although not all obstetric malpractice…
Clinical Management of Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate Patterns The general premise of electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is that when the FHR pattern is normal, it is essentially certain…
Instrumentation and Artifact Detection Including Fetal Arrhythmias Instrumentation and Artifact Detection INSTRUMENTATION For the obstetrician or obstetric nurse to interpret fetal monitor tracings correctly, it is necessary to have some…
Antepartum Fetal Monitoring Because more than two-thirds of fetal deaths occur before the onset of labor (1), it would be natural to extend the principles of intrapartum fetal heart rate…
Fetal Heart Rate Patterns Associated with Fetal Central Nervous System Dysfunction For some time it has been known that fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns preceding hypoxic fetal death in utero…
Basic Pattern Recognition The evaluation of the fetus during labor by electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is a complex process. Patterns that are known to have an excellent correlation…
Evaluation and Management of Fetal Heart Rate Patterns in Premature Gestation The potential for the beneficial effects of fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring in the patient delivering prematurely is perhaps…
Antepartum Management of the High-Risk Patient The previous chapter was devoted to introducing antepartum fetal surveillance, including fetal heart rate (FHR) testing and biophysical profile (BPP); describing methodology; interpretation; and…
Uterine Contraction Monitoring In discussions on the benefits of fetal monitoring, uterine contraction monitoring is most often ignored. The initial development of fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring was concerned with…
Alternative and Backup Methods to Improve Interpretation of Concerning FHR Patterns The majority of fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns seen in labor at some point will evolve into those that…
