Anatomy of the Thorax
Anatomy of the Thorax Shari L. Meyerson David A. Harpole Jr. The bony and soft tissue components of the chest wall combine to create an anatomic space, which houses some…
Congenital Heart Diseases
Congenital Heart Diseases Congenital heart diseases are broadly defined as those cardiac anomalies that are present at birth. By their very nature, such defects have their origin in embryonic development….
ICU and Operative/Perioperative Applications
ICU and Operative/Perioperative Applications In addition to its widespread use in ambulatory and hospitalized patients with cardiac disease, echocardiography plays a valuable role in the management of patients in medical…
Liability and Risk Management in Fetal Monitoring
Liability and Risk Management in Fetal Monitoring Malpractice litigation is prevalent in modern clinical practice, and the associated stress affects all health care providers (1,2). Although not all obstetric malpractice…
Clinical Management of Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate Patterns
Clinical Management of Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate Patterns The general premise of electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is that when the FHR pattern is normal, it is essentially certain…
Instrumentation and Artifact Detection Including Fetal Arrhythmias
Instrumentation and Artifact Detection Including Fetal Arrhythmias Instrumentation and Artifact Detection INSTRUMENTATION For the obstetrician or obstetric nurse to interpret fetal monitor tracings correctly, it is necessary to have some…
Antepartum Fetal Monitoring
Antepartum Fetal Monitoring Because more than two-thirds of fetal deaths occur before the onset of labor (1), it would be natural to extend the principles of intrapartum fetal heart rate…
Basic Pattern Recognition
Basic Pattern Recognition The evaluation of the fetus during labor by electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is a complex process. Patterns that are known to have an excellent correlation…
Fetal Heart Rate Patterns Associated with Fetal Central Nervous System Dysfunction
Fetal Heart Rate Patterns Associated with Fetal Central Nervous System Dysfunction For some time it has been known that fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns preceding hypoxic fetal death in utero…
Diseases of the Aorta
Diseases of the Aorta While transthoracic echocardiography provides only a limited view of the proximal ascending aorta and a small portion of the descending aorta and arch, transesophageal echocardiography provides…
