A Brief Overview of Supraventricular Tachycardias
Figure 3.1 ECG of AVNRT. Notice retrograde P waves forming a pseudo S pattern in several leads This short RP tachycardia involves a reentry mechanism within the AV node and…
Atrial Flutter
Figure 5.1 Typical atrial flutter EKG. Notice classic “saw tooth” p waves in inferior leads, and positive p waves in V1 and V2 Mechanisms of Atrial Flutter Atrial flutter can…
Cardiac Conduction and Bradycardia
Figure 1.1 (a–e) Three dimensional reconstruction using CARTO (Biosense-Webster) of the RA showing sinus rhythm impulse propagation represented by the red wavefront as it spreads across the right atrium from…
Hereditary Arrhythmias
Figure 8.1 Suggested risk stratification for life threatening cardiac events in non- genotyped patients with the long QT syndrome. ACA aborted cardiac arrest, KM Kaplan Meier, SCD sudden cardiac death….
Erectile and Sex Hormone Dysfunction and Cardiovascular Consequences in CKD
Metabolic disease Diabetes mellitus Chronic kidney disease Hypogonadism Hyperprolactinemia Hypertension Obesity Metabolic Syndrome Dyslipidemia Liver, Lung and cardiovascular disease Neurologic disease Spinal Cord injury Brain injury Parkinson disease Multiple sclerosis…
Future Therapeutic Prospects for Treatment of Cardiorenal Syndromes
Drug or strategy Major inference with respect to type 1 cardiorenal syndrome High dose loop diuretics ↑ AKI, no reduction in rehospitalization or death [2] Continuous infusions of loop diuretics…
Reversing Arterial Stiffening and Calcification: A Pipe Dream?
Fig. 13.1 Diagram representing the intermediate role of arterial stiffness in chronic cardiorenal syndromes. See text for explaining separate depicted, and additional amplifying components of the triangle Arterial stiffness is…
Vitamin D and Its Effects on the Heart
Study Population N Male (%) Age (years) Baseline 25(OH)D (ng/mL) Follow-up (years) Exposure ([25(OH)D] in ng/mL) Outcome Association Wang et al. [10] Community-dwelling adults, no previous CVD 1,739 45 59…
Challenging Complex Diseases
Fig. 20.1 Common and commonly overlapping co-morbidities [6] Despite the subspecialisation it is vital to take into account comorbidities. For instance a reduced renal function significantly limits available treatment choices…
MRA Inhibition in CKD: More Than Salt and Water
Fig. 5.1 Aldosterone exerts effects in the kidney, the heart, the vasculature and on the metabolism. It binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor in various target cells to induce different effect…
