OBJECTIVES The student understands the ionic basis of the spontaneous electrical activity of cardiac muscle cells: Describes how membrane potentials are created across semipermeable membranes by transmembrane ion concentration differences….
OBJECTIVES The student understands the homeostatic role of the cardiovascular system, the basic principles of cardiovascular transport, and the basic structure and function of the components of the system: Defines…
OBJECTIVES The student knows the basic electrical and mechanical events of the cardiac cycle: Correlates the electrocardiographic events with the mechanical events during the cardiac cycle. Lists the major distinct…
OBJECTIVES The student recognizes several techniques of assessing cardiac mechanical activity: Describes echocardiography and other cardiac visualization techniques for estimating cardiac ejection fraction. Describes the end-systolic pressure–volume relationship and how…
OBJECTIVES The student understands the basic principles of cardiovascular transport and its role in maintaining homeostasis: Identifies the factors that determine transport of substances within the vascular system and those…
OBJECTIVES The student understands the general mechanisms involved in local vascular control: Identifies the major ways in which smooth muscle differs anatomically and functionally from striated muscle. Lists the steps…
OBJECTIVES The student understands the general mechanisms involved in the cardiovascular responses to any given normal homeostatic disturbance in the intact cardiovascular system and can predict the resulting alterations in…
OBJECTIVES The student understands the primary disturbances, compensatory responses, decompensatory processes, and possible therapeutic interventions that pertain to various abnormal cardiovascular situations: Defines circulatory shock. Identifies the primary disturbances that…
OBJECTIVES The student understands how central venous pressure can be used to assess circulatory status and how venous return, cardiac output, and central venous pressure are interrelated: Describes the overall…
OBJECTIVES The student understands the primary mechanisms involved in the short-term regulation of arterial pressure: Identifies the sensory receptors, afferent pathways, central integrating centers, efferent pathways, and effector organs that…
