Brief History of the Cardiovascular System
Who really discovered the circulation of the blood? Although much has been written, the correct answer to this fundamental question remains largely unknown. The early history of the development of…
Assessment of Extracardiac and Intracardiac Anatomy by MD-CT
Fig. 4.1 Coarctation of the aorta in a neonate is shown by 3D volume-rendered (VR) MD-CT images. (a) VR image shows coarctation of the aorta and a long, hypoplastic arch…
Assessment of Ventricular Function Using the Pressure-Volume Relationship
Fig. 5.1 Pressure-volume counterclockwise loop during one cardiac cycle. See the text for details In systole, left ventricular (LV) pressure first increases straight up to Point B without changing LV…
Assessment of Intracardiac Anatomy by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fig. 3.1 Work flow for anatomical and cine imaging. Each scan plane is prescribed starting from two differently angled reference images, using the double oblique technique for the four-chamber view….
Assessment of Ventricular-Vascular Function by Echocardiography
where LV-EDD represents LV end-diastolic dimension and LV-ESD represents LV end-systolic dimension (Fig. 7.1). Normal values for SF range from 28 to 38 % [1]. Values <28 % suggest reduced systolic function while…
Real-Time Three-Dimensional (3D) Echocardiography for Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases in Practical Medicine: Transepicardial and Transesophageal Approach
Fig. 1.1 3D echocardiography by ECG-gated rotational device. The upper figures show how to obtain the actual image by using ECG-gated rotational device. The probe is placed on the patient…
Assessment of Hemodynamics by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fig. 8.1 Cardiovascular MR setup for pediatric general anesthetic cases. View of the MR scanner room showing the monitoring equipment The three imaging techniques listed below represent the three groups…
Assessment of Atrioventricular Valve Anatomy and Function in Congenital Heart Diseases Using Three-Dimensional Echocardiography
Fig. 2.1 Normal mitral valve anatomy in a neonate. (a) Mitral valve. The posteromedial papillary muscle usually consists of multiple papillary muscle bundles. On the other hand, the anterolateral papillary…
Assessment of Vascular Function by Using Cardiac Catheterization
Fig. 6.1 Schema of the three-element windkessel model During cardiac catheterization, simultaneous measurements of blood flow and pressure can be obtained by using a manometer-mounted pressure-flow wire in vivo, and…
