Valvular Quantification
Figure 4.1 illustrates the principle of Bernoulli Equation which relates pressure drop that occurs with changing fluid speeds across a narrowing in tube The modified Bernoulli equation is derived from…
Basic Congenital Heart Disease for Adults
Figure 11.1 Apical 4 chamber view of patient with an atrioventricular canal defect showing ostium primum atrial septal defect (thick arrow) and corresponding inlet ventricular septal defect (VSD-thin arrow), Please…
Valvular Pathology
Figure 5.1 Calcified tricuspid aortic valve stenosis seen in long axis (left) and short axis (right); note significant leaflet calcification restriction of motion (arrows). LA left atrium, LV left ventricle,…
Cardiac Computed Tomography
Reaction Severity Symptoms Recommendation Mild Limited urticaria, itchy throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, conjunctivitis Premedication not required Moderate Diffuse urticarial/erythema, facial edema or throat tightness without dyspnea Premedication, consider alternate test…
Cardiac Masses
Figure 9.1 Parasternal long axis (left) and apical four chamber (right) views showing epithelial lung tumor extension (arrows) in the left atrium. CT reconstruction showed direct extension of the tumor…
Cardiomyopathy
Figure 13.1 Right ventricular inflow view of a patient with Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia. Note the right ventricular aneurysms (arrows). CS coronary sinus Caused by progressive fibro-fatty replacement (dysplasia) of…
Views and Structures
Figure 2.1 Image of the heart showing the right parsternal, parasternal, apical and subcostal windows as they relate to the cardiac structures Transducer positions and related echocardiographic images for parasternal…
Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) Imaging
Advantages Disadvantages Non invasive Contraindicated in patients with certain brain aneurysm clips, ferromagnetic shrapnel in eyes, pacemakers and ICDs No ionizing radiation (useful for serial follow up studies especially in…
Chamber Dimensions
Normal Mildly enlarged Moderately enlarged Severely enlarged LVEDD (cm) 4.2–5.8 5.9–6.3 6.4–6.8 >6.8 LVEDD/BSA(cm/m2) 2.2–3.0 3.1–3.3 3.4–3.6 >3.6 LVESD (cm) 2.5–4.0 4.1–4.3 4.4–4.5 >4.5 LVESD/BSA (cm/m2) 1.3–2.1 2.2–2.3 2.4–2.5…
Nuclear Cardiology Imaging
Figure 17.1 Most common protocols for stress tests and viability evaluation [1] The stress test images consist of (Figs. 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, and 17.5): Figure 17.2 Raw images showing the…
