Umbilical Cord Blood Gases to Assess Fetal Condition at Birth
Umbilical Cord Blood Gases to Assess Fetal Condition at Birth The assessment of the fetal condition at birth had traditionally been restricted to the Apgar score. It is interesting to…
Prosthetic Valves
Prosthetic Valves The era of valve surgery preceded the development of echocardiography by only a few years. It is therefore not surprising that one of the earliest applications of echocardiography…
Intrauterine Hypoxia and Other Causes of Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy
Intrauterine Hypoxia and Other Causes of Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy Electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring has been extensively studied with respect to the effects of hypoxemia on the…
History of Fetal Monitoring
History of Fetal Monitoring Dt is somewhat surprising that something as potentially accessible as the fetal heart was neither heard nor described until the 17th century when Phillipe LeGaust first…
Hypertrophic and Other Cardiomyopathies
Hypertrophic and Other Cardiomyopathies Overview This chapter deals with hypertrophic and miscellaneous cardiomyopathies, which generally are characterized by increased left ventricular wall thickness and/or infiltration of the myocardium. Unlike dilated…
Stress Echocardiography
Stress Echocardiography Stress echocardiography is based on the fundamental causal relationship between induced myocardial ischemia and left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities. The potential for using echocardiography for this purpose…
Aortic Valve Disease
Aortic Valve Disease The aortic valve is a complex, intricate structure with remarkable durability. It is composed of three cusps of equal size, each of which is surrounded by a…
Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valves
Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valves Clinical Overview Disease of the tricuspid valve can be divided into primary and secondary anatomic abnormalities. Primary pathology of the tricuspid and pulmonary valve is relatively…
Hemodynamics
Hemodynamics Since its inception, one of the primary goals of echocardiography has been to provide hemodynamic information. This was initially accomplished using M-mode and later two-dimensional imaging, which allowed measurement…
Left and Right Atrium, and Right Ventricle
Left and Right Atrium, and Right Ventricle Left Atrium In the early history of echocardiography, the left atrium was one of the first cardiac structures to be identified, recorded, and…
