Chamber Dimensions
Normal Mildly enlarged Moderately enlarged Severely enlarged LVEDD (cm) 4.2–5.8 5.9–6.3 6.4–6.8 >6.8 LVEDD/BSA(cm/m2) 2.2–3.0 3.1–3.3 3.4–3.6 >3.6 LVESD (cm) 2.5–4.0 4.1–4.3 4.4–4.5 >4.5 LVESD/BSA (cm/m2) 1.3–2.1 2.2–2.3 2.4–2.5…
Nuclear Cardiology Imaging
Figure 17.1 Most common protocols for stress tests and viability evaluation [1] The stress test images consist of (Figs. 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, and 17.5): Figure 17.2 Raw images showing the…
Echocardiography in Systemic Diseases
Figure 14.1 Parasternal long (left) and apical four chamber (right) views of a patient with Amyloidosis. Please notice thickened walls of both ventricles, speckled appearance of myocardium (better seen in…
Echocardiographic Assessment of Aortic Disease
Figure 15.1 Transesophageal echo (mid-esophageal view) showing ascending aortic aneurysm (7.28 cm) Acute aortic dissection starts with a tear in the aortic intima following which blood enters the tear separating…
Basics of Agitated Saline Contrast (“Bubble”) and LV Opacification Contrast Studies
Figure 16.1 Agitated saline contrast (“Bubble”) study in patient with PFO. The left image is done with rest, the right one is done during Valsalva maneuver. Notice the increased shunting…
Basics of Ultrasound Physics
, where c – speed of sound λ – wavelength, υ – frequency Speed in media is proportional to density and elasticity (which is proportional to temperature). Thus sound travels…
Evaluation of Prosthetic Valves
Figure 6.1 Shows types of prosthetic valves. (a) Bovine pericardial stented valves; (b) Mechanical Bileaflet (St Jude Medical Regent, Carbomedics Standard, Medtronic Advantage); (c) Single tilting disk (Bjork Shirley, Medtronic-Hall);…
Positron Emission Tomography
Perfusion Glucose metabolism Category Preserved Preserved Viable Reduced Preserved Mismatch (viable hibernation) Reduced Reduced Match (non-viable) Preserved Reduced Reverse mismatch (altered regional glucose metabolism) References 1. Shaw LJ, Min JK,…
Pericardial Disease
Figure 8.1 Subcostal view showing heart with significant pericardial thickening (arrow) Pericardial Effusion (Fig. 8.1) Determine: Size (Size criteria differ between publications). Measure in diastole: trivial 1–5 mm, small 5…
Ischemic Heart Disease
Figure 12.1 Apical two chamber view of a patient with inferior and inferobasal scarring (arrows) after myocardial infarction Figure 12.2 Apical four chamber view showing massive apical aneurysm (star) Figure…
