Macrophages in the Immune Response Against Cryptococcus
Fig. 5.1. India ink stain of C. neoformans var. grubii strain H99, revealing the characteristic polysaccharide capsule surrounding the fungal cells as a white halo. Note also that a number…
Invasive Aspergillosis in the Intensive Care Unit
High-risk category Neutropenia (neutrophil count <500/mm3) Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation Hematological malignancy Intermediate-risk category Prolonged treatment with corticosteroids before admission to the ICU Autologous bone marrow transplantation Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease…
Aspergillus fumigatus: Saprotroph to Pathogen
Fig. 2.1. Saprotroph to pathogen: a three-step cause-and-effect framework. Diseases caused by A. fumigatus arise as a result of both pathogen and host activities, and the transition from saprotroph to…
Visualizing Immune Responses in Fungal Infections: Established and Novel Methods
Fig. 8.1. CLSM 3D reconstruction of an A. fumigatus -infected lung. This picture has been taken from an infected and subsequently explanted murine lung by use of confocal laser scanning…
Therapeutic Strategies in Fungal Infections
Fig. 14.1. Antifungal treatment strategies for patients at high risk for fungal infection [Taken from Ruping et al. (2008)] In clinical practice, these situations may often overlap, making an exact…
Antifungal Pharmacokinetics
D-AmB deoxycholate Amphotericin B, L-AmB liposomal Amphotericin B, Anid anidulafungin, CAS caspofungin, Mica micafungin, Flu fluconazole, Itr intraconazole, Pos posaconazole Vor voriconazole, n.a. not applicable, IV formul. intravenous formulation containing…
Molecular Epidemiology of Pneumocystis Outbreaks
Fig. 11.1 (a) P. jirovecii asci visualized in a patient’s bronchoalveolar lavage using Grocott’s methenamine silver staining as described by Churukian and Schenk (1977). The parentheses-like structure in each ascus…
T Cell Responses in Fungal Infections
Fig. 6.1 T cell activation in fungal infection. Dendritic cells (DCs) are at the crossroads of antifungal immunity and tolerance because both inflammatory and tolerogenic DCs may arise from their…
From Commensal to Pathogen: Candida albicans
Fig. 1.1. Scanning electron micrograph of C. albicans growing on oral epithelial cell layer, in yeast, hyphal and pseudohyphal morphologies. Hyphae invade via active penetration and induce endocytosis, indicated by…
Molecular Mechanisms of Histoplasma Pathogenesis
Fig. 7.1. Molecular mechanisms of detection avoidance during interaction of Histoplasma yeasts with macrophages. Adherence and phagocytosis of yeasts into macrophages is mediated by cell-wall-localized Hsp60 binding to CD18-family receptors…
