Heart Failure, Introduction
Fig. 1.1 ACCF/AHA stages of HF according to risk and symptoms (Reproduced with permission from JACC [5]) NYHA classes focus on exercise capacity and symptoms of HF (see Chap. 9):…
MicroRNAs in Cardiovascular Disease: From Pathogenesis to Treatment
Fig. 13.1 MicroRNAs involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. The figure illustrates the contribution of selected miRNAs to remodeling of the heart. Manipulation of these miRNAs may hinder the…
The Parasympathetic Nervous System and Heart Failure: Pathophysiology and Potential Therapeutic Modalities for Heart Failure
Fig. 6.1 Innervation of the heart by the autonomic nervous system – from central to peripheral inputs. The sympathetic and parasympathetic (vagus) nerves are marked. Vagus afferents (sensory nerves) are…
Sympathetic Nervous System Signaling in Heart Failure and Cardiac Aging
Fig. 5.1 Signaling pathways of α- and β-adrenergic receptors. Note that α2AR is not expressed in cardiomyocytes. β2AR can be coupled with both Gαs and Gαi. Other receptors are coupled…
Mitochondrial Biogenesis
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Mitochondria are not generated de novo but grow and divide adding newly synthesized constituents to preexisting mitochondrial…
Mitochondria Play an Essential Role in Heart Failure
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Both clinical studies and animal models have shown that mitochondria are at the center of the pathophysiology…
Mechanisms of Bioenergy Production in Mitochondria
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract The majority of the cellular energy is produced in the form of ATP by the oxidative phosphorylation…
Heart Mitochondria: Receivers and Transmitters of Signals
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Besides their central bioenergetic role in supplying ATP, heart mitochondria play an essential role in the regulatory…
Mitochondria in Pediatric Cardiovascular Diseases
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Abnormalities in cardiac mitochondrial respiratory enzymes and mitochondrial DNA have been found in an increasing number of…
Mitochondrial Structure, Composition, and Dynamics
(1) The Molecular Cardiology and Neuromuscular Institute, Highland Park, NJ, USA Abstract Mitochondria are dynamic organelles displaying considerable structural complexity and diversity in terms of the folding of their…
