Masses, Tumors, and Source of Embolus Normal Variants and Artifacts: Sources of False-Positive Findings The echocardiographic evaluation of intracardiac masses is critically dependent on the ability to distinguish normal from…
Physiologic Basis of Fetal Monitoring Clinical fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is an ongoing observation of human fetal physiology. The question being asked by the clinician is: What is the…
Dilated Cardiomyopathies Clinical and Echocardiographic Overview Cardiomyopathy represents a diverse group of diseases intrinsic to the myocardium. By strict definition, they are a primary disorder of the heart muscle and…
Umbilical Cord Blood Gases to Assess Fetal Condition at Birth The assessment of the fetal condition at birth had traditionally been restricted to the Apgar score. It is interesting to…
Prosthetic Valves The era of valve surgery preceded the development of echocardiography by only a few years. It is therefore not surprising that one of the earliest applications of echocardiography…
Intrauterine Hypoxia and Other Causes of Neonatal Encephalopathy and Cerebral Palsy Electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring has been extensively studied with respect to the effects of hypoxemia on the…
History of Fetal Monitoring Dt is somewhat surprising that something as potentially accessible as the fetal heart was neither heard nor described until the 17th century when Phillipe LeGaust first…
Hypertrophic and Other Cardiomyopathies Overview This chapter deals with hypertrophic and miscellaneous cardiomyopathies, which generally are characterized by increased left ventricular wall thickness and/or infiltration of the myocardium. Unlike dilated…
Stress Echocardiography Stress echocardiography is based on the fundamental causal relationship between induced myocardial ischemia and left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities. The potential for using echocardiography for this purpose…
Aortic Valve Disease The aortic valve is a complex, intricate structure with remarkable durability. It is composed of three cusps of equal size, each of which is surrounded by a…
