with Respiratory Failure

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Type Cause Respiratory drive  Pharmacological Drug overdose, anesthesia  Congenital Central hypoventilation syndrome  Acquired Cerebrovascular accident Neuromuscular  Cervical spinal cord injury Trauma  Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Guillain–Barré syndrome  Anterior horn disease…

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Children with an Airway Foreign Body

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Fig. 27.1 Bronchial sequelae of a foreign body. Anteroposterior chest x-ray of a 5-year-old child presenting with chronic atelectasis in the left inferior lobe (a). Axial CT scan of the chest,…

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Ciliary Dyskinesia

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Fig. 43.1 Ciliary structure Fig. 43.2 Normal cilia. Cross section of normal cilium and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate. ×100,000 Ciliary Function A cylindrical pseudostratified mucosa…

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Treatment

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Fig. 42.1 Inhalation technique using salbutamol (MDI) and spacer with mouthpiece Fig. 42.2 MDI and spacer with mask inhalation technique. The spacer must be placed in the child’s face in…

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Cell Disease

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Fig. 52.1 Physiopathology of sickle cell anemia. (Source: Adapted from Rees DC et al. Lancet. 2010;376:218–222) Vaso-occlusive crises are caused by erythrocyte and leukocyte entrapment in the microcirculation, originating vascular…

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Pneumonia

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Etiology Bacterial Viral  Mycoplasma Age Any <2 years  5–15 years Season All year Winter  All year Presentation Sudden Variable  Insidious Fever High Variable  Low Tachypnea Common Common  Infrequent Coughing + ++  +++…

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with Persistent Cough

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Fig. 18.1 Anatomy of cough Etiology Key Concepts 1. The causes of chronic cough in children and adults are different, and within pediatrics they can differ among infants, preschool children,…

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Fibrosis: Clinical and Diagnosis Approach

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Fig. 44.1 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene and protein From the functional aspect, mutations are grouped in five classes (I–V). Most of these cause complete channel failure, whether…

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with Persistent Tachypnea

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Patient age Respiratory rate (respirations per minute) Newborn >60 2–12 months >50 1–5 years >40 Respiration Control Mechanisms Respiration begins in the nervous system by means of centers located in the brain…

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Tuberculosis

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Fig. 35.1 Tberculosis clinical manifestations Pulmonary Presentations Pulmonary Infection or Classic Primary Complex This presentation is the most common one (90%) and appears in a self-limited form. By having nonspecific…

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