Thoracic Key

Fig. 2.1 Alfred E. Jones of Lexington, Kentucky patented first American tank respirator. (Used with permission from J. H. Emerson Co.) In 1876 Ignez von Hauke from Austria experimented with…

Fig. 7.1 Spectrum of sleep apnea (SA) syndromes along the obstruction vs. chemoreflex axis. 1 idiopathic central sleep apnea (ICSA). 2 high-altitude SA. 3 congestive heart failure with nearly pure…

Fig. 8.1 Image of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) interface. (Care of ResMed) Fig. 8.2 Oronasal face mask for NPPV. (ResMed) NPPV commonly employs either volume- or pressure-targeted ventilation….

Fig. 4.1 a and b: Top panel illustrates a 2-min period of breathing during REM sleep in a patient with OHS characterized by repetitive obstructive events and severe nocturnal desaturation….

Obstructive sleep apnea Residual OSA in otherwise healthy children following adenotonsillectomy Primary OSA due to factors other than adenotonsillar hypertrophy Obesity Macroglossia: Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, trisomy 21, and mucopolysaccharidosis Midfacial hypoplasia…

Fig. 5.1 Schematic of the neurorespiratory system. (Benditt [27]) Central Mechanisms Voluntary-Breathing Controllers Awake respiration is primarily driven by voluntary-breathing controller mechanisms located in the parietal cerebral cortex. Stimulation of…