Heart Failure with Preserved Systolic Function Audrey H. Wu Mauro Moscucci Ragavendra R. Baliga Heart failure with preserved systolic function (HF-PSF) is the clinical syndrome of heart failure—manifesting with dyspnea,…
Heart Failure Due to Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction David B. Dyke Todd M. Koelling Heart failure is a clinical syndrome in which any abnormality of cardiac function causes either a…
Approach to Secondary Hypertension Robert D. Brook John D. Bisognano Approximately 90% to 95% of people with hypertension have primary (essential) hypertension (1). This elevation of blood pressure is multifactorial…
Primary Hypertension Kenneth A. Jamerson Tonya L. Corbin DEFINITION/DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS Hypertension is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Although the association between blood pressure and cardiovascular (CV) risk exists at…
Acute ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Brahmajee K. Nallamothu Debabrata Mukherjee Eric R. Bates Acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remains a major public health issue and is a leading cause of death…
Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation MI Stanley Chetcuti Eric R. Bates Unstable angina (UA) and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) form part of the spectrum of acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) that includes acute…
Stable Angina Cyril Ruwende Steven W. Werns Fareed Khaja USUAL CAUSES Angina pectoris occurs when an oxygen demand-supply mismatch occurs in the myocardium. The most common cause of typical angina…
Secondary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease Claire Duvernoy Melvyn Rubenfire INTRODUCTION The secondary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) can be defined as a long-term management strategy for patients who…
Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease Melvyn Rubenfire Eric R. Bates The advances in the detection and management of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) since the 1960s have resulted in a highly…
Approach to Claudication James B. Froehlich Sanjay Rajagopalan Thomas W. Wakefield PREVALENCE Lower extremity atherosclerotic peripheral artery disease (PAD) is commonly encountered in clinical practice. Although prevalence figures vary widely,…
