Cardiac Conduction System
Fig. 8.1 Schematic overview of heart development in higher vertebrates. The early heart tube has a primitive phenotype (light purple). Chamber myocardium (gray) expands rapidly, whereas primary myocardium (purple) of…
Evolutionary Aspects of Cardiac Development
Fig. 10.1 The evolutionarily conserved building plan of the heart. (a) All vertebrate embryos form a heart tube with slow propagating peristaltic contractions reflected in a sinusoid ECG. (b) Atrial…
Cardiac Development and Animal Models of Congenital Heart Defects
Fig. 1.1 Mouse heart development. Cartoon showing the major events in mouse heart development. (a–d) From the cardiac crescent (E7.5, a), through linear (E8, b) and looping (E8.5, c) stages…
Epicardium and Coronary Arteries
Fig. 6.1 Graphic summary of coronary blood vessel development in relation to epicardial-derived cell lineages. The upper left cartoon reproduces the characteristic concentric arrangement of coronary blood vessel cell types…
Assessment of Extracardiac and Intracardiac Anatomy by MD-CT
Fig. 4.1 Coarctation of the aorta in a neonate is shown by 3D volume-rendered (VR) MD-CT images. (a) VR image shows coarctation of the aorta and a long, hypoplastic arch…
Assessment of Ventricular Function Using the Pressure-Volume Relationship
Fig. 5.1 Pressure-volume counterclockwise loop during one cardiac cycle. See the text for details In systole, left ventricular (LV) pressure first increases straight up to Point B without changing LV…
Assessment of Intracardiac Anatomy by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fig. 3.1 Work flow for anatomical and cine imaging. Each scan plane is prescribed starting from two differently angled reference images, using the double oblique technique for the four-chamber view….
Assessment of Ventricular-Vascular Function by Echocardiography
where LV-EDD represents LV end-diastolic dimension and LV-ESD represents LV end-systolic dimension (Fig. 7.1). Normal values for SF range from 28 to 38 % [1]. Values <28 % suggest reduced systolic function while…
Real-Time Three-Dimensional (3D) Echocardiography for Diagnosis and Treatment of Congenital Heart Diseases in Practical Medicine: Transepicardial and Transesophageal Approach
Fig. 1.1 3D echocardiography by ECG-gated rotational device. The upper figures show how to obtain the actual image by using ECG-gated rotational device. The probe is placed on the patient…
Assessment of Hemodynamics by Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Fig. 8.1 Cardiovascular MR setup for pediatric general anesthetic cases. View of the MR scanner room showing the monitoring equipment The three imaging techniques listed below represent the three groups…
