Thoracoscopy: Equipment and Technique
Fig. 7.1 A metallic (a) and single-use (b) pleural needle. The pleural trocar, 2–3 mm in diameter, 100 mm in length, with tap. A pointed obturator to penetrate the skin…
Diagnostic Thoracoscopy: Atlas
Fig. 10.1 Trapped lung (left lower lobe in this case – star) is not a contraindication to medical thoracoscopy in case with high clinical suspicion of neoplastic disease. In this…
Thoracoscopy for Parapneumonic Effusions and Empyema
Fig. 16.1 A typical empyematous collection Exploration of the pleural cavity to identify fibrin membranes (Fig. 16.2) and to detect loculations (Fig. 16.3), as well as possible neoplastic nodules, or…
Diagnostic Thoracoscopy: Nonmalignant Pleural Effusion
Parameter Cutoff Cutoff Absolute values PF/Sa – Ratio Transudate↓ Transudate↓ Exudate↑ Exudate↑ Protein 3 g/dl 0.5 Lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) 200 IU/dlb 0.6 Cholesterol 60 mg/dlc Light 1972; Heffner et…
Physiology and Pathophysiology of the Pleural Space
Fig. 4.1 A schematic drawing of the pleuropulmonary compartments involved in the turnover of fluid within the parietal extrapleural interstitium, the pleural space and the pulmonary interstitium. The red arrows…
Macroscopic Approach to the Pleural Cavity
Fig. 3.1 The two layers of the pleura Fig. 3.2 The transition between the two layers at the level of the pulmonary hilum Dissection of this ligament is usually one…
Management of Recurrent Pleurisies by Thoracoscopy
Fig. 14.1 Pleural lymphangitis in a chylothorax. The parietal pleura is covered with a network of ectatic lymphatic vessels (Courtesy C Boutin, Marseille, France) The presence of lymphangitis (Figs. 14.2,…
Pericardial Window
Fig. 20.1 The Memoir of Francisco Romero on the treatment of thoracic effusions as presented in 1815 20.3 Pericardial Effusions The pericardium has many physiological functions which mainly prevent overdistension…
Minithoracoscopy
Author Year Patients Endoscope Indication Ash (M) 1974 11 Micro Pleural effusion diagnosis d’Alessandro (S) 1997 2 Micro Pleural disease diagnosis Nezu (S) 1997 34 Micro Video assistance in pneumothorax…
Sympatholysis via Thoracoscopy
Raynaud’s phenomenon Dysmenorrhea Glaucoma Acrocyanosis Pancreatitis Perniosis Buerger’s disease Angina pectoris Arteriosclerosis Causalgia Arrhythmias Hirschsprung’s disease Migraine Poliomyelitis Arthritis Renal disorders Hyperhidrosis Retinitis pigmentosa Gall bladder disease Paget’s disease of…
