Stethoscope Performance
Fig. 3.1 Acoustic stethoscope The chest piece. The bell is used for low frequency sounds. The diaphragm is used for high frequency sounds. Some chest pieces act as both the…
Dynamic Auscultation
Fig. 2.1 Normal splitting of S2 during inspiration. P2 sounds later during inspiration due to increased venous return and blood flow through the pulmonic valve (Used with permission of Texas…
The Innocent Murmur
Fig. 23.1 Still’s murmurs are generally Grade 1–3 early systolic murmurs heard best by placing the bell of the stethoscope between the lower left sternal border and the apex of…
The Clinical Assessment of Ejection Fraction and Hemodynamics in Congestive Heart Failure
Fig. 22.1 Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) measurements are reported in relation to the clinical presence (+) or absence (−) of jugular venous distension (JVD) and the presence of a…
The Austin Flint Murmur
Fig. 12.1 Graphical representation of auscultation findings in a patient with the Austin Flint murmur Test Results Color M-mode and 2-D echo (Fig. 12.2a–d). Fig. 12.2 (a–d) Echocardiograms. (a) An…
Aortic Sclerosis
Fig. 4.1 Aortic valve sclerosis is characteristically a soft, early to mid-systolic ejection murmur in the 2nd right interspace with a normally split S2 without a click The carotid pulses…
