Women and Heart Disease Kelly Paschke Dipti Itchhaporia INTRODUCTION Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in the United States and accounts for one in five deaths in…

Adult Congenital Heart Disease Benjamin S. Hendrickson Marc V. Lee Jennifer DeSalvo Elisa A. Bradley INTRODUCTION Surgical and medical advances have touched fewer fields more profoundly than congenital heart disease…

Pericardial Disease Yaquta Kaka Brent C. Lampert INTRODUCTION The pericardium is the site of many cardiac diseases that display classic physical examination signs and symptoms, imaging findings, and hemodynamic changes….

Pulmonary Hypertension Saurabh Rajpal Jeremy Slivnick William H. Marshall V Zachary Garrett INTRODUCTION Rapid growth in understanding the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and introduction of new medications in the…

Prosthetic Valve Dysfunction Shuktika Nandkeolyar Dmitry Abramov Helme Silvet Purvi Parwani INTRODUCTION Epidemiology The prevalence of patients with prosthetic heart valves (PHVs) is growing quickly. With the advent of transcatheter…

Infective Endocarditis Jeffrey A. Dixson Jeffrey Gaca Todd L. Kiefer INTRODUCTION Since its early descriptions by Osler in 1885, infective endocarditis (IE) has been recognized as a “vexing” problem, challenging…

Aortic Valve Disease Laurie Bossory Goike Antonios Pitsis Konstantinos Dean Boudoulas INTRODUCTION Aortic valvular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although the incidence of aortic regurgitation…

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Ranjan Dahal Debabrata Mukherjee INTRODUCTION Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is defined as an acute myocardial injury with detection of a rise and/or fall of cardiac troponin (cTn)…

Adult-Acquired Tricuspid and Pulmonary Valve Disease Maureen E. Cheung Bryan A. Whitson INTRODUCTION Right-sided valve disease can occur from a number of primary and secondary causes. These processes are often…