Fig. 29.1 Schematic of radiofrequency lesion formation Fig. 29.2 Illustration of depth and width of lesion formation . (A) Left ventricle (8 mm catheter tip; 32: 9.2 mm wide, 10…

Fig. 21.1 Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) . ATP is the major source of chemical energy used to power the reactions that support contractile and other processes in myocardium and all other…

Fig. 25.1 John Dilorio (Dr. Iaizzo’s cousin) was a young cardiac patient of Dr. Lillehei and his team, shown here in 1958 (a) in his hospital bed at the University…

Fig. 32.1 Image illustrating fluoroscopy’s poor soft tissue contrast 32.3 Recent Developments In an effort to overcome the limitations associated with conventional EP mapping techniques, considerable advances have been made…

Fig. 24.1 A single magnetic dipole moment in a static magnetic field of strength, B 0. It is customary to align the z axis of a rectangular coordinate system with…

Fig. 19.1 After conduction begins at the sinoatrial node, cells in the atria begin to depolarize. This creates an electrical wavefront that moves down toward the ventricles, with polarized cells…

Abnormal impulse initiation •Automaticity –Enhanced normal automaticity: as seen in inappropriate sinus tachycardia. –Abnormal automaticity: as in ectopic atrial tachycardia, accelerated junctional rhythm, and idiopathic ventricular tachycardias. •Triggered activity –Early…

Fig. 35.1 Totally aortic “non-touch” technique in off-pump three-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting surgery via left minithoracotomy; the inflow vein grafts come from the distal left subclavian artery in addition…

Fig. 27.1 ADInstruments Langendorff perfusion setup. Courtesy of ADInstruments Several different methods for studying the isolated heart are possible, two of these methods are the Langendorff perfusion approach and the…

Fig. 12.1 A typical mammalian cell. The intracellular environment is separated from the extracellular environment by a lipid bilayer membrane (see area encircled in figure). Each cell contains a nucleus…