Key Points • Conventional electrophysiology cryoablation catheters do not cause significant damage to coronary vessels, although direct epicardial applications can potentially result in intimal hyperplasia. • Coronary spasm can be…
Key Points • Fundamental scientific concepts and pioneering technologic developments have made safe and effective percutaneous cryoablation possible. • Scientific concepts regarding thermal energy, heat transfer, and refrigeration techniques, and…
Key Points • Cryodestruction occurs through two primary mechanisms: immediate and delayed injury. • The use of low temperature as a thermal therapy provides a mode of transient injury that…
Key Points • The concept of using cryoenergy to treat medical illness has been present since the dawn of recorded history. • Specific application of cryoenergy as a therapeutic modality…
Abstract Thoracic trauma, although rare in children, can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Most are sustained due to blunt mechanisms, with motor vehicle accidents being most common. Due to…
Abstract Tumors of the chest in the pediatric population represent a large collection of pathologies. They can differ in location from the chest wall, to the mediastinum, to the lung…
Abstract When infants die suddenly and unexpectedly, the causes can be effectively considered using a triple risk model of individual infant susceptibility, developmental vulnerability, and environmental stressors. Sleep practices, particularly…
Abstract Atelectasis describes an incomplete expansion of lung tissue, which may be congenital or acquired. Congenital atelectasis is due to incomplete expansion of the lungs, including primary and secondary congenital…
Abstract This chapter reviews the impact of trisomy 21 (the commonest trisomy) upon the respiratory tract, including its impact upon the structure and function of the upper and lower tract,…
Abstract Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is one of an expanding collection of disorders collectively known as ciliopathies. A rare, inherited disease of the motile cilia, PCD is clinically characterized by…
