Thoracic Key

Key Points • Atrial flutter (AFL) is the second most common arrhythmia seen in clinical practice. • The direct medical costs because of pharmacologic therapy, cardioversion, and hospitalization may be…

Key Points • Irreversible damage to myocardial cells can occur at temperatures as low as −5 to −10°C. • Lethal temperatures are reached within 60 seconds within 3-mm depth and…

Key Points • The initial promise for the development of cryoablation is to minimize the energy-dependent complications of atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation. • Cryoablation reduces tissue fibrosis and modifies the…

Key Points • Cryolesions are smaller and show less thrombus than radiofrequency (RF) lesions when a similar tip size is used. • Cryomapping is possible only at −30°C; deeper temperatures…

The initial observations of arrhythmogenic activity in the pulmonary veins (PVs) with the potential for triggering atrial fibrillation accounted for extensive investigation for more than a decade. Electrical isolation of…

Key Points • Liquid nitrogen is a difficult cryogen to pump through small channels because its massive volume expansion to nitrogen gas upon evaporation causes “vapor lock” or obstruction to…

Key Points • Precooling of N 2 O just before it enters the balloon catheter increases its cooling power. • The elongated shape of the cryoballoon optimizes tissue contact and…

Key Points • Cryoablation has an excellent safety profile in the septal region due to: 1 Reversibility of electrophysiologic effects at −30° (cryomapping). 2 Reversibility of electrophysiologic effects at −80°…

Key Points • Esophageal ulceration after atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation is associated with transmural atrial and esophageal necrosis with all energy sources, such as radiofrequency (RF), high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU),…

Key Points • Cryomapping may be performed during −30°C applications maintained for less than 60 seconds (classic cryomapping) or at the onset of −80°C applications (dynamic cryomapping). • During −80°C…