Clinical Management of Abnormal Fetal Heart Rate Patterns The general premise of electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is that when the FHR pattern is normal, it is essentially certain…
Instrumentation and Artifact Detection Including Fetal Arrhythmias Instrumentation and Artifact Detection INSTRUMENTATION For the obstetrician or obstetric nurse to interpret fetal monitor tracings correctly, it is necessary to have some…
Antepartum Fetal Monitoring Because more than two-thirds of fetal deaths occur before the onset of labor (1), it would be natural to extend the principles of intrapartum fetal heart rate…
Basic Pattern Recognition The evaluation of the fetus during labor by electronic fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring is a complex process. Patterns that are known to have an excellent correlation…
Fetal Heart Rate Patterns Associated with Fetal Central Nervous System Dysfunction For some time it has been known that fetal heart rate (FHR) patterns preceding hypoxic fetal death in utero…
Diseases of the Aorta While transthoracic echocardiography provides only a limited view of the proximal ascending aorta and a small portion of the descending aorta and arch, transesophageal echocardiography provides…
Echocardiography in Systemic Disease and Clinical Problem Solving Echocardiography and Systemic Disease There are many systemic diseases with cardiovascular manifestations for which echocardiography is an appropriate component of the clinical…
Echocardiography and Coronary Artery Disease Clinical Overview Coronary artery disease is the most common form of heart disease encountered in adults. Its clinical presentations are the result of atherosclerotic disease…
Evaluation and Management of Fetal Heart Rate Patterns in Premature Gestation The potential for the beneficial effects of fetal heart rate (FHR) monitoring in the patient delivering prematurely is perhaps…
Antepartum Management of the High-Risk Patient The previous chapter was devoted to introducing antepartum fetal surveillance, including fetal heart rate (FHR) testing and biophysical profile (BPP); describing methodology; interpretation; and…
