Fig. 41.1 Images from perfusion-fixed hearts from the Visible Heart® laboratory’s library : (1) calcified aortic valve (upper left panel), (2) pulmonary valve (upper right panel), (3) subvalvular apparatus of…
Fig. 31.1 Illustration of an implanted CRT system with right atrial, right ventricular, and left ventricular leads. Courtesy of Medtronic plc 31.4 Implantation of CRT Implantation of a CRT system…
Fig. 14.1 General afferent and efferent pathways/connections of the hypothalamus (medial and lateral), the pituitary gland (adeno- and neurohypophysis), the limbic system, the thalamus, and the mesencephalon. Note the medial…
Fig. 39.1 Schematic of a HeartMate SNAP-VE ventricular assist device system. One can see the internal connections at the apex of the left ventricle where there is inflow into the…
Heart rate Blood pressure Mentation Skin perfusion Urine output 50 cm3/h Normal lactate/acid base status Appropriate response to therapeutic interventions 23.2.2 Evaluation of Cardiac Function Another reason for consideration of…
Secondary determinants influencing MVO2 include (1) the relative heart rate, (2) myocardial stroke work, (3) imposed afterloads, and/or (4) the inotropic state of the myocardium. Importantly, associated with cardiac surgery,…
By location By receptor types Cardiac receptors • Myocardial • Conduction system • Others G protein-coupled receptors Tyrosine kinase-linked receptors Guanylyl cyclase-linked receptors Vascular receptors • Endothelial • Vascular smooth muscle • Others Other receptors (low-sensitivity…
•Adverse local tissue interactions: – Inflammation – Toxicity – Carcinogenic response – Calcification – Embolization or lymphatic spread of material fragments •Induced device migrations: encapsulation or foreign body response •Inappropriate…
Acyanotic • Left-to-right shunts Atrial septal defects Ventricular septal defects Atrioventricular septal defects Aortopulmonary window • Left-sided obstructive lesions Aortic coarctation Congenital aortic stenosis Interrupted aortic arch Cyanotic • Right-to-left…
Minimal sedation (anxiolysis) Moderate sedation/analgesia (“conscious sedation”) Deep sedation/analgesia General anesthesia Responsiveness Normal response to verbal stimulation Purposeful response to verbal or tactile stimulation Purposeful response following repeated or…
