Polysomnography for the Pediatric Pulmonologist
Fig. 11.1 Placement of sensors and variables collected during PSG Frontal, central, and occipital EEG R. outer canthus and L. outer canthus EOG Chin EMG R. and L. anterior tibia…
Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide: Indications and Interpretation
Author and year (reference) Number Age range (years) Race/ethnicity Reference values (ppb) Analyzer See 2013 [45] 17,249 (2,519 at 6–11 years of age) 6–80 Hispanic, White, Black, and other 5th–95th…
Functional Evaluation of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
Fig. 5.1 CF diagnostic algorithms. (a) North American CF diagnostic algorithm emphasizes clinical suspicion and the importance of newborn screening in the diagnostic process. Reprinted with permission from Farrell, P.M.,…
Bronchoalveolar Lavage: Tests and Applications
Midulla et al. [20] Number of patients 16 Age range 2–32 m Sedation LA Number of aliquots 2 Lavage volume 20 ml BALF recovered % Mean ± SD 43.1 ± 12.2 Median 42.5…
Allergic and Immunologic Testing in Children with Respiratory Disease
Isotype Location Function IgG Free in blood plasma Main immunoglobulin of acquired immunity; crosses placental barrier and provides passive immunity to fetus IgA Saliva, tears, breast milk; also found in…
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing in Pulmonary Hypertension
Fig. 11.1 The earliest known CPET was at the Harvard Fatigue Lab in the 1920s Currently, CPET is subdivided into noninvasive testing (niCPET), done with continuous 12-lead ECG, cuff blood…
Pulmonary Hemodynamics and Right Heart Catheterization
Definition Characteristics Clinical group(s) Pulmonary hypertension (PH) Mean PAP ≥25 mmHg All Pre-capillary PH Mean PAP ≥25 mmHg 1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension PWP ≤15 mmHg 3. PH due to lung…
Echocardiography
Fig. 9.1 (a) Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) in M-mode obtained in the apical four chamber view. The distance between the end-diastolic (a) and end-systolic points (b) is the…
Schistosomiasis-Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 7.1 An endemic area of schistosomiasis in Northeast of Brazil, where conditions of poor sanitation favor the dissemination of the disease Fig. 7.2 Biomphalaria glabrata, a snail host of…
Combination Therapy for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Fig. 16.1 Timeline of drugs approved for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in the USA. PGI 2 prostaglandins, ERAs endothelial receptor antagonists, PDE5Is phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors, sGC+ soluble guanylate cyclase…
