Thoracic Key

High pressures in the first breaths  Expulsion of lung fluid  Decrease in lung vascular resistance  Constriction and functional closure of the arteriosus ductus High distensibility of the rib cage  Low…

Fig. 47.1 Frequency of post-infectious bronchiolitis obliterans (PIBO) Table 47.1 Causes of bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) Transplant Graft versus host after bone marrow transplant Chronic rejection after lung transplant Infections Virus…

Fig. 10.1 Flow/volume curves. (a) Patient with mild to moderate expiratory muscular compromise. The initial slope of a slow ascent is observed. The maximum expiratory flow (MEF) does not show…

Type Cause Respiratory drive  Pharmacological Drug overdose, anesthesia  Congenital Central hypoventilation syndrome  Acquired Cerebrovascular accident Neuromuscular  Cervical spinal cord injury Trauma  Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy Guillain–Barré syndrome  Anterior horn disease…

Fig. 27.1 Bronchial sequelae of a foreign body. Anteroposterior chest x-ray of a 5-year-old child presenting with chronic atelectasis in the left inferior lobe (a). Axial CT scan of the chest,…

Fig. 43.1 Ciliary structure Fig. 43.2 Normal cilia. Cross section of normal cilium and primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). Uranyl acetate and lead citrate. ×100,000 Ciliary Function A cylindrical pseudostratified mucosa…

Fig. 42.1 Inhalation technique using salbutamol (MDI) and spacer with mouthpiece Fig. 42.2 MDI and spacer with mask inhalation technique. The spacer must be placed in the child’s face in…

Fig. 52.1 Physiopathology of sickle cell anemia. (Source: Adapted from Rees DC et al. Lancet. 2010;376:218–222) Vaso-occlusive crises are caused by erythrocyte and leukocyte entrapment in the microcirculation, originating vascular…

Etiology Bacterial Viral  Mycoplasma Age Any <2 years  5–15 years Season All year Winter  All year Presentation Sudden Variable  Insidious Fever High Variable  Low Tachypnea Common Common  Infrequent Coughing + ++  +++…

Fig. 18.1 Anatomy of cough Etiology Key Concepts 1. The causes of chronic cough in children and adults are different, and within pediatrics they can differ among infants, preschool children,…