Esters Amides Procaine (Novocain®) Lidocaine (Xylocaine®) Chloroprocaine (Nesacaine®) Mepivacaine (Polocaine® or Carbocaine®) Bupivacaine (Marcaine®) Prilocaine (Citanest®) Ropivacaine (Naropin®) Bupivacaine was first synthesized in 1957 and was of particular interest because…
Fig. 13.1 Absorption spectrum of hemoglobin and deoxyhemoglobin (Prahl [27]) Fig. 13.2 Absorption spectrum of melanin (Jacques [28]) Fig. 13.3 Absorption spectrum of water (Hale and Querry [29]) Fig. 13.4…
Fig. 20.1 Platelets and the two types of granules they contain. Alpha granules contain insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-B), platelet factor 4…
Fig. 21.1 Mechanism of action of unfractionated versus low-molecular-weight heparins (see text) Warfarin exerts an anticoagulant effect by interfering with an essential posttranslational, vitamin K-dependent step that results in the…
Fig. 12.1 Anatomic distribution of varicose veins and their relationship to documented source of superficial venous reflux, including the great saphenous vein, anterior saphenous vein, pudendal vein, small saphenous vein,…
Complete compression of the vein Vein walls completely apposed with less compression than required to compress adjacent artery Spontaneous phasic flow signals in all veins The examination is performed with…
ABI Degree of PAD Symptoms 0.97–1.25 None None 0.75–0.96 Mild Minimal claudication 0.50–0.74 Moderate Claudication <0.50 Severe Severe claudication <0.30 Critical Rest pain, poor healing, ischemic ulcers/ tissue loss One…
Fig. 4.1 The EKG complex: individual components are identified here and will be discussed in the main text EKG Findings in Acute Pericarditis The pericardium is a fibrous sac that…
Fig. 5.1 Pericardial anatomy. Panel a: Pericardial fat pad on transthoracic echocardiogram in the parasternal long-axis view. Note the heterogeneous appearance of the two layers of pericardial fat (arrows); one…
Fig. 6.1 Pulmonary artery or “Swan-Ganz” catheter Once venous access is obtained, the catheter is advanced with the balloon inflated to the right atrium, then the right ventricle, the pulmonary…
