Figure 4-1. (a) Norepinephrine (NE) cascade from synthesis to vesicular storage, release into synaptic cleft, reuptake, and partial inactivation. (b, c) The processes of synthesis, vesicular–axoplasmic exchange, metabolism, release, neuronal…
Figure 3-1. Although Otto Loewi discovered chemical transmission of nerve impulses using acetylcholine [1], it was von Euler who discovered in 1946 that the true agent of sympathetic transmission is…
Nerve Radiotracer Description Sympathetic Presynaptic 11C-hydroxyephedrine (HED) Most widely used PET-based radiotracer for cardiac sympathetic innervation NE analogue, accumulates through NET and transported to storage vesicles by VMAT2 Not metabolized…
β-Blockers Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors Angiotensin receptor blockers Aldosterone inhibitors Cell transplantation Coronary arterial revascularization Mitral valve repair/replacement CRT LVAD Inhibition of the β-adrenergic system or renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) is known…
Figure 8-1. Success rates of VT ablation. The VTACH study [14] was a multicenter, open-label, randomized, controlled trial that enrolled patients with at least one prior VT episode and a…
Invasive procedures Noninvasive methods Intracoronary injection of tyramine Invasive evaluation of the response to exercise Radiolabeled catecholamine analogues Radiolabeled receptor antagonist Guanethidine analogue 123I-MIBG Catecholamine analogue ¹¹C-HED β-Adrenergic receptor antagonist…
Figure 1-1. Anatomy and distribution of the cardiac nervous systems. The cardiac sympathetic nerve ends (blue) are projected from sympathetic neurons in the stellate ganglia, which are bilateral to the…
SCANNING TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL ANATOMY Duplex ultrasound (DUS) evaluation of the hepatic vasculature is best performed using a 2- to 5-MHz curved array transducer in a fasting (8 to 12…
FIGURE 7.1. Mass and spring model for tissue mechanics. The ultrasound transmission properties of tissue can be derived by considering the tissue to be assembled from masses (representing tissue density)…
FIGURE 24.1. Arteriogram of atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis. The lesions are located in the proximal right and left renal artery segments and are associated with significant aortic involvement. There is…
