Introduction/General Considerations
CVS cardiovascular system, NE norepinephrine, Epi epinephrine, NKA Na+, K+-ATPase, NOS nitric oxide synthase, AC adenylyl cyclase, BP blood pressure, CO cardiac output, DAG 2′-diacylglycerol, HR heart rate, IP 3…
The Adrenergic System in Cardiovascular Metabolism and Aging
18. Burger D, Kwart DG, Montezano AC, Read NC, Kennedy CR, Thompson CS, Touyz RM. Microparticles induce cell cycle arrest through redox-sensitive processes in endothelial cells: implications in vascular senescence….
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
(1) Department of General Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 24.1 General Considerations 24.1.1 Definition The definition of double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) remains controversial. The consensus is that it is…
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 12.1 General Consideration Atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs) have also been called endocardial cushion defects and atrioventricular canal defects, excluding isolated…
The Right Ventricle
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 4.1 General Considerations 4.1.1 Position The two ventricles of the heart are separated by an interventricular groove. The right ventricle…
The Right Atrium
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 3.1 General Considerations 3.1.1 Location The right atrium (RA) is the right upper chamber of the heart and is located…
Tetralogy of Fallot
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 23.1 General Considerations 23.1.1 Embryology and Pathology The diagnosis criteria, with regard to pathology and anatomy, of tetralogy of Fallot…
Position and Observation of the Heart and Surgical Approaches
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 2.1 Position of the Heart The heart is a muscular organ in the mediastinum, a cavity located anterior to the…
The Cardiac Skeleton and the Aortic Root
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 9.1 General Considerations 9.1.1 The Cardiac Skeleton The fibrous skeleton of the heart, namely, the cardiac skeleton, is a framework…
The Left Ventricle
(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China 8.1 General Considerations 8.1.1 Wall of the Left Ventricle The ventricular wall is separated from the LA by the atrioventricular…
