Pericardial Diseases
Introduction to Pericardial Diseases Itzhak Kronzon, MD Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BC) described the normal pericardium as follows: “The pericardium is a smooth mantle surrounding the heart and containing a small amount…
Aortic Stenosis
Aortic Stenosis Morphology Steven A. Goldstein, MD Congenital aortic stenosis Bicuspid Aortic Valve Congenital aortic valve malformation reflects a phenotypic continuum of unicuspid valve (severe form), bicuspid valve (moderate form), tricuspid…
Pericardial Diseases
Introduction to Pericardial Diseases Itzhak Kronzon, MD Hippocrates (c. 460-370 BC) described the normal pericardium as follows: “The pericardium is a smooth mantle surrounding the heart and containing a small amount…
Pulmonic Regurgitation
Introduction and Etiology of Pulmonic Regurgitation Melissa A. Daubert, MD Smadar Kort, MD Epidemiology and etiology A trivial amount of pulmonic regurgitation (PR) is a common finding in the adult population. Minor…
Systemic Diseases
Hypertension Brian D. Hoit, MD Systemic arterial hypertension is a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and is the number one attributable risk factor for death throughout the world. The…
Physics and Instrumentation
General Principles of Echocardiography Frederick W. Kremkau, PhD Echocardiography is sonography of the heart. Sonography comes from the Latin sonus (sound) and the Greek graphein (to write). Diagnostic sonography is medical…
Interventional Echocardiography
Introduction Ernesto E. Salcedo, MD John D. Carroll, MD The field of structural heart disease (SHD) has evolved as a group of cardiovascular diseases that are amenable to percutaneous noncoronary interventions. The…
Diseases of the Aorta
Introduction Arturo A. Evangelista, MD Aortic diseases are a major cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Aortic aneurysm, aortic dissection, intramural hematoma, penetrating aortic ulcer, and blunt chest or iatrogenic aortic…
Adult Congenital Heart Disease
Introduction Mary Etta King, MD Congenital heart disease has traditionally been the purview of pediatricians and pediatric cardiologists. However, the population of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) is increasing rapidly…
Tumors and Masses
Introduction to Echocardiographic Assessment of Cardiac Tumors and Masses Teerapat Yingchoncharoen, MD Allan L. Klein, MD Cardiac tumors, both benign and malignant, are rare, and the diagnosis is usually challenging. Early recognition…
