Electrophysiology Testing Duc H. Do Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION An electrophysiology (EP) test (study) is a minimally invasive procedure where electrode-tipped catheters are placed into the heart to record electrical…

Bradycardias: Sinus Node Dysfunction and Atrioventricular Conduction Disturbances Osamu Fujimura† Houman Khakpour †Deceased author. INTRODUCTION Bradycardia is generally defined as a heart rate less than 60 beats per minute (bpm)…

the Electrocardiogram Duc H. Do Noel G. Boyle INTRODUCTION The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the main diagnostic tools of the clinician, whether in the clinic, emergency department, or hospital….

Ambulatory Rhythm Monitoring Kevin Sung Justin Hayase Jason S. Bradfield INTRODUCTION Ambulatory monitoring is a diagnostic tool performed in the outpatient setting to evaluate symptomatic patients for cardiac arrhythmias, risk…

Mechanisms of Cardiac Arrhythmias Peter Hanna Kalyanam Shivkumar James N. Weiss INTRODUCTION For several billion heartbeats in a lifetime, electromechanical coupling ensures normal electrical activity, and activates working myocardium to…

Genetics of Arrhythmias Aadhavi Sridharan Jason S. Bradfield James N. Weiss INTRODUCTION Cardiac arrhythmias comprise a wide spectrum of abnormalities of the heart rhythm; these can be benign, can increase…

Left Atrial Appendage Closure Thomas A. Dewland Randall J. Lee INTRODUCTION For decades, clinicians have recognized the association between atrial fibrillation (AF) and thromboembolic stroke.1 This risk has traditionally been…

Catheter Interventions in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease Thomas M. Zellers Carrie Herbert Surendranath Veeram Reddy V. Vivian Dimas TRANSCATHETER THERAPY FOR AORTIC AND PULMONARY STENOSIS INTRODUCTION Aortic valve stenosis…

Percutaneous Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale and Atrial Septal Defect Ricardo Cigarroa Ignacio Inglessis PATENT FORAMEN OVALE CLOSURE INTRODUCTION Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is the most common intracardiac shunt encountered…

Ethanol Septal Ablation Srikanth Yandrapalli Risheek Kaul Srihari S. Naidu INTRODUCTION Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most commonly inherited cardiac disease, with estimates suggesting a prevalence approximating 1 in 500.1,2…