Mitral Valve Disease Nicholas S. Amoroso Jessica Atkins Valerian Fernandes INTRODUCTION The mitral valve (MV) regulates blood flow between the left atrium (LA) and left ventricle (LV) of the heart….

Refractory Angina Anbukarasi Maran Katrina A. E. L. Bidwell Valerian Fernandes INTRODUCTION Angina pectoris is the symptom complex resulting from mismatch in myocardial oxygen supply and demand. Most commonly, this…

Rheumatic Heart Disease Gbemiga Sofowora INTRODUCTION Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease remain prevalent in the developing world although their incidence has declined substantially in Western countries, except in…

Acute Myocardial Infarction: Complications Retesh Bajaj Anantharaman Ramasamy Vincenzo Tufaro Arjun K. Ghosh INTRODUCTION The advent of coronary reperfusion therapy has substantially reduced the incidence of complications following acute myocardial…

Unstable Angina, Non-St-Elevation Myocardial Infarction-Acute Coronary Syndrome Talal T. Attar Rebecca Miller INTRODUCTION Epidemiology The 2020 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics update of the American Heart Association (AHA) has reported…

Stable Ischemic Heart Disease Gharibyan Rosie Jasper James C. Blankenship INTRODUCTION Epidemiology Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the…

Clinical Pharmacology: Pharmacogenomics, Pharmacovigilance, Pharmacoepidemiology, and Pharmacoeconomics Steven P. Dunn Craig J. Beavers INTRODUCTION In order to achieve comprehensive pharmacotherapy management of the patient with cardiovascular disease, it is critical…

General Cardiovascular Exam Timothy J. O’Connor William H. Fennell John W. McEvoy INTRODUCTION Physical examination of the cardiovascular system remains central to the contemporary practice of clinical medicine, despite technologic…