■  Progressive renal artery stenosis (RAS) or occlusion may predispose to renovascular hypertension (RVH; most common form of secondary hypertension) and ischemic nephropathy.2 Aortic atherosclerosis at the ostia or proximal renal…

■  Acute upper extremity ischemia is less common than in the lower extremity due to the rich preexisting collateral circulation in both the upper arm and forearm. The majority (~50%) of…

IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ■  Current indications for carotid endarterectomy were reviewed in Chapter 3.1–3 ■  In recent years, CTA and MRA have assumed preeminent roles in carotid intervention planning. Improved…

■  Device designs vary with aneurysm extent. For pararenal aneurysms, 70% of patients are adequately treated with two small fenestrations for the renal arteries and a scallop for the superior mesenteric…

■  The superficial palmar arch is completed by either the branches of the deep palmar arch, radial artery, or median artery in about 80% of patients. The deep palmar arch is…

IMAGING AND OTHER DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES ■  Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) may serve as a useful imaging tool, particularly in the setting of acute thoracic aortic pathology. TEE can confirm the presence of…

■  Descending (type B) aortic dissection: Two classifications systems are commonly used to describe the extent of aortic dissections (FIG 2). Stanford type A dissections involve the ascending aorta with or…

■  Several anatomic anomalies are relevant to the surgeon, as they predispose patients to the development of TOS. ■  The most common is a cervical rib, and a preoperative chest radiograph is…

■  For thoracoabdominal exposure, the patient is placed in the right lateral decubitus position using a beanbag and axillary role for support. The left arm is protected with adequate padding and…

Exposure of Carotid Artery ■  In the medial aspect of the wound, the lateral border of the internal jugular vein is identified and sharply defined. The vein is retracted posteriorly and…