Abnormal impulse initiation •Automaticity –Enhanced normal automaticity: as seen in inappropriate sinus tachycardia. –Abnormal automaticity: as in ectopic atrial tachycardia, accelerated junctional rhythm, and idiopathic ventricular tachycardias. •Triggered activity –Early…
Fig. 35.1 Totally aortic “non-touch” technique in off-pump three-vessel coronary artery bypass grafting surgery via left minithoracotomy; the inflow vein grafts come from the distal left subclavian artery in addition…
Fig. 27.1 ADInstruments Langendorff perfusion setup. Courtesy of ADInstruments Several different methods for studying the isolated heart are possible, two of these methods are the Langendorff perfusion approach and the…
Fig. 12.1 A typical mammalian cell. The intracellular environment is separated from the extracellular environment by a lipid bilayer membrane (see area encircled in figure). Each cell contains a nucleus…
Fig. 34.1 Apical view of the four heart valves—aortic, mitral, pulmonic, and tricuspid 34.2 A New Frontier: Valve Replacement Before 1950, the ability to safely and effectively operate on the…
Fig. 36.1 Two potential approaches for the delivery of a transcatheter pulmonic valve : (A) transvenously into the right atrium, then through the tricuspid valve, or (B) transapically through the…
Fig. 33.1 Total cardiopulmonary bypass showing the venous cannulas in the superior and inferior vena cavae with constrictions placed around the respective veins. The venous blood is draining to the…
Fig. 6.1 Drawing of the coronary arterial circulation in the: (A) dog, (B) pig, and (C) human. Notice the extensive network of coronary collateralization in the dog heart, including many…
where SF = shortening fraction, LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and LVESD = left ventricular end-systolic dimension. Normal values vary with age and range from 35–45 % in infants to 28–44 % in adolescents and…
where PP = SBP − DBP, MAP = mean arterial pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, PP = pulse pressure, and SBP = systolic blood pressure. Blood flow throughout the circulatory system follows pressure gradients. By the time blood reaches the right…
