(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   17.1 General Considerations In this chapter, we will discuss congenital RV infundibulum muscular hypertrophy stenosis, including the muscle bundle of…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   16.1 General Considerations 16.1.1 Tricuspid Stenosis and Tricuspid Atresia Tricuspid stenosis covers a spectrum of diseases, including tricuspid dysplasia (leaflets…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   10.1 General Considerations The primitive cardiovascular system begins forming during the fourth week of human embryonic development. The heart begins…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   1.1 Nomenclature of Cardiac Anatomy 1.1.1 Right Atrium (RA) The right atrium (RA) is the right upper chamber of the…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   21.1 General Considerations Aortopulmonary window is also called aortopulmonary septum defect. Aortic and pulmonary valves are developed well. At the…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   20.1 General Considerations A single trunk, with just one group of semilunar valves, arises from the base of the heart….

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   18.1 General Considerations Hypoplastic left ventricle, also termed hypoplastic left heart syndrome, is often associated with a variety of deformities,…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   22.1 General Considerations The sinus of Valsalva is a structure that connects the aortic annulus and the aortic wall. Aortic…

(1) Department of General surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Beijing, China   6.1 General Considerations The conduction system of the heart, which provides the heart its automatic rhythmic beat, consists of cardiac…