Three-Dimensional Echocardiography Ben A. Lin Lissa Sugeng 1. Early efforts in three-dimensional (3D) imaging required a series of two-dimensional (2D) images. Which method(s) use this approach? A. Sparse matrix array….
M-Mode Echocardiography Gerard P. Aurigemma Dennis A. Tighe 1. Which leaflets of the tricuspid valve are visualized on the apical 4-chamber view? A. Septal and anterior. B. Septal and posterior….
Assessment of Chamber Quantification Wendy Tsang Roberto M. Lang 1. Which of the following is not a cause of left atrial enlargement? A. Mitral valve disease. B. Atrial myopathy. C….
Cardiac Ultrasound Artifacts Juan-Carlos Brenes Craig R. Asher 1. Which of the following fundamental principles of echocardiography is assumed to be correct when interpreting an ultrasound image? A. All reflections…
Physics: Fundamentals of Ultrasound Imaging and Instrumentation Victor Mor-Avi Rajesh Jaganath Lynn Weinert Jim D. Thomas 1. Sound waves cannot travel through one of the following: A. Water. B. Air….
Atlas of Hemodynamic Tracings Andrew L. Goodman I. INTRODUCTION The first human cardiac catheterization is credited to Werner Forssmann who performed a right heart self-catheterization in 1929. Over the next…
Cardiac Cases and Calculations Joseph Campbell E. Murat Tuzcu I. INTRODUCTION. Over the past several decades, the field of interventional cardiology has seen the emergence of several novel percutaneous therapies…
Echocardiographic Calculations and Case Examples Terence Hill Richard A. Grimm I. INTRODUCTION In this chapter, we will review the calculations used to quantitatively assess valvular stenosis and regurgitation by Doppler…
Catheterization Hemodynamics and Formulae Grant W. Reed Amar Krishnaswamy I. INTRODUCTION. Knowledge of the hemodynamic pressure waveforms and formulae used to diagnose valvular pathology can be a valuable tool in…
3D Echocardiography Christine L. Jellis I. INTRODUCTION One of the most significant developments in echocardiography over recent times has been the development and availability of three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography for practical…
