INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Ultrasound machines have greatly evolved during the last few decades. Bulky machines with limited capability have been transformed to much smaller units with enhanced capability of…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Echocardiography is the predominant noninvasive method of assessing cardiac structure and function. Although initially this technique resided exclusively in the domain of the cardiologist, more recently…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Infrapopliteal (IP) peripheral arterial disease (PAD) often occurs as part of multilevel atherosclerotic disease and is more commonly seen in patients with long-standing diabetes mellitus, patients…
INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen Stenting for relief of stenosis in narrowed vessels is now common practice both in interventional cardiology and interventional radiology, with many options to choose from as…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 52-year-old man with hypertension for the past decade presented with poorly controlled blood pressure despite increasing doses of 4 antihypertensive medications including a diuretic,…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 75-year-old man with a past medical history of coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and atrial fibrillation presented with chronic postprandial abdominal pain and…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 58-year-old African American male presents with cramping of his calves after walking about 2 city blocks; the left calf is cramping worse than the…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen Dr. John Doe is a 67-year-old vascular surgeon and is self-referred for evaluation of a carotid bruit found on a routine insurance physical examination. He…
ANATOMY Print Section Listen The subclavian arteries provide blood supply to both upper extremities and give rise to major arterial branches, including the vertebral arteries, the internal thoracic arteries, and…
PATIENT CASE Print Section Listen A 61-year-old man with ischemic cardiomyopathy with an ejection fraction of 10% to 15%, revascularized multivessel coronary artery disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and a…
