Many collagen, neuromuscular, endocrine, and other systemic diseases may have important cardiovascular manifestations. The involvement of the cardiovascular system usually becomes evident when the diagnosis of the primary disease is…
Clinical Cyanosis Detection of Cyanosis Cyanosis is a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes resulting from an increased concentration of reduced hemoglobin to about 5 g/100 mL in…
Prevalence Vascular ring reportedly represents less than 1% of all congenital cardiovascular anomalies, but this may be an underestimate because some conditions are asymptomatic. Pathology Vascular ring refers to a…
In this chapter, clinical methods of locating cardiac chambers using chest radiography, electrocardiography (ECG), and echocardiography are discussed. This is followed by application of a principle that may aid in…
In this chapter, congenital heart defects (CHDs) with a relatively low prevalence that have not been discussed previously are presented briefly. Aneurysm of the Sinus of Valsalva In aneurysm of…
Included in this chapter are infective endocarditis (IE), myocarditis, pericarditis, Lyme carditis, and postperfusion syndrome. Other conditions in which the cause is not well established but the host’s immune response…
In the clinical diagnosis and management of congenital or acquired heart disease, the presence or absence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities is often helpful. Hypertrophies (of ventricles and atria) and ventricular…
Before discussing the hemodynamic abnormalities of left-to-right shunt lesions, knowledge of the model that will be used throughout this section is helpful. Figure 9-1 is a block diagram of a…
An ideal modality used for noninvasive imaging of congenital heart defects should be able to delineate all aspects of the cardiac anatomy, including extracardiac vessels; evaluate physiological parameters such as…
This chapter discusses hemodynamic abnormalities of obstructive and valvular regurgitant lesions of congenital and acquired causes. For convenience, they are divided into the following three groups based on their hemodynamic…
