Miscellaneous
TABLE A-1 RECURRENCE RISKS GIVEN ONE SIBLING WHO HAS A CARDIOVASCULAR ANOMALY Anomaly Suggested Risk (%) Ventricular septal defect 3.0 Patent ductus arteriosus 3.0 Atrial septal defect 2.5 Tetralogy of…
Cardiac Pacemakers and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators in Children
A pacemaker is a device that delivers battery-supplied electrical stimuli over leads to electrodes that are in contact with the heart. It primarily treats bradycardia. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) is…
Cardiac Arrhythmias
The frequency and clinical significance of arrhythmias are different in children compared with adults. Although arrhythmias are relatively infrequent in infants and children, the common practice of monitoring cardiac rhythm…
Disturbances of Atrioventricular Conduction
Atrioventricular (AV) block is a disturbance in conduction between the normal sinus impulse and the eventual ventricular response. The block is assigned to one of three classes, depending on the…
Cardiac Tumors
Prevalence Cardiac tumors in the pediatric age group are extremely rare. A primary cardiac tumor was diagnosed in 0.001% to 0.003% of admissions at large children’s referral centers. The male-to-female…
Valvular Heart Disease
Valvular heart diseases are either congenital or acquired in origin. The pathophysiology and clinical manifestations are similar for both entities and are discussed in Chapter 10 , Pathophysiology of Obstructive…
Primary Myocardial Disease
Cardiomyopathies are structural or functional abnormalities of the myocardium not secondary to congenital, valvular, hypertensive, pulmonary, or coronary heart diseases. Cardiomyopathy has been classified into three types based on anatomic…
Acute Rheumatic Fever
Prevalence Acute rheumatic fever is relatively uncommon in the United States but is a common cause of heart disease in less developed countries. However, in the past few decades, new…
Left-to-Right Shunt Lesions
This chapter discusses common left-to-right shunt lesions such as atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), endocardial cushion defect (ECD), and partial anomalous pulmonary venous…
Obstructive Lesions
Lesions that produce obstruction to ventricular outflow such as pulmonary stenosis (PS), aortic stenosis (AS), and coarctation of the aorta (COA) are discussed in this chapter. Pulmonary Stenosis Prevalence Isolated…
