The Third and Fourth Heart Sounds
The Third and Fourth Heart Sounds PRETEST 1. Describe a normal S3. 2. Describe an abnormal S3 and a right-sided S3. 3. What is a ventricular gallop, or gallop rhythm?…
Other Diastolic and Systolic Sounds
Other Diastolic and Systolic Sounds PRETEST 1. What causes an opening snap? 2. How can you differentiate an opening snap from a second or a third heart sound (S2 or…
Murmur Fundamentals
Murmur Fundamentals PRETEST 1. How does turbulent blood flow produce murmurs? 2. What are the seven characteristics used to describe murmurs? 3. What is the six-point graded scale? 4. What…
The Second Heart Sound
The Second Heart Sound PRETEST 1. How does the second heart sound (S2) differ from the first heart sound (S1)? 2. What are the components of S2? 3. Describe the…
The First Heart Sound
The First Heart Sound PRETEST 1. What produces the first heart sound (S1)? 2. What are the two basic components of S1? 3. Where is S1 heard best? 4. Describe…
Heart Sound Dynamics
Heart Sound Dynamics PRETEST 1. How do heart sounds originate? 2. Name the two basic heart sounds and the valves associated with each. 3. How many characteristics are used to…
The Heart and Auscultation
The Heart and Auscultation PRETEST 1. Where is the heart located in the chest, and what are the heart’s dimensions in the average adult? 2. What are systole and diastole?…
Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia
Recurrent Ventricular Tachycardia This chapter will be divided into discrete sections: (a) definitions; (b) pathophysiologic substrates and mechanisms of tachycardias; and (c) electrophysiologic studies (EPS)—modes of initiation, response to stimulation,…
Catheter and Surgical Ablation in the Therapy of Arrhythmias
Catheter and Surgical Ablation in the Therapy of Arrhythmias Experience over the last decade has demonstrated that pharmacologic therapy for the management of paroxysmal ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias may not…
Preexcitation Syndromes
Preexcitation Syndromes Preexcitation exists when, in relation to atrial events, all or some part of the ventricular muscle is activated by the atrial impulse sooner than would be expected if…
