Myocardial, Valvular, and Pericardial Disease HEART FAILURE Definitions (Braunwald’s Heart Disease, 10th ed., 2014) Failure of heart to pump blood forward at sufficient rate to meet metabolic demands of peripheral…
Coronary Disease ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY Approach (a systematic approach is vital) Rate (? tachy or brady) Rhythm (? P waves, ? relationship between P and QRS, ? regular) Intervals (PR, QRS, QT)…
Chest Tubes Chest tubes are frequently used in the practice of pulmonary medicine. Indeed, in 1995, it was estimated that 1,330,000 chest tubes were placed in the United States (1)….
Thoracoscopy Although thoracoscopy has been a part of thoracic surgical practice for many years, the advent of video-assisted techniques has greatly expanded the indications and the uses of this procedure….
Thoracentesis (Diagnostic and Therapeutic) and Pleural Biopsy Thomsen et al. (1) have created an excellent video on performing a thoracentesis, and watching this video is recommended before one performs his…
Other Pleural Diseases PATHOGENESIS OF PLEURAL FIBROSIS Most of the diseases discussed in this chapter deal with pleural fibrosis. It is therefore appropriate to start this chapter with a brief…
Chylothorax and Pseudochylothorax At times, pleural fluid is milky or at least turbid. When the milkiness or turbidity persists after centrifugation, it is almost always due to a high lipid…
Hemothorax Hemothorax is the presence of a significant amount of blood in the pleural space. Most hemothoraces result from penetrating or nonpenetrating chest trauma. An occasional hemothorax results from iatrogenic…
Pneumothorax A pneumothorax is air in the pleural space, that is, air between the lung and the chest wall. Pneumothoraces can be divided into spontaneous pneumothoraces, which occur without antecedent…
Pleural Effusion Due to Miscellaneous Diseases ASBESTOS EXPOSURE The exposure to asbestos is definitely associated with the occurrence of benign exudative pleural effusions. Incidence Epler et al. (1) reviewed the…
