where SF = shortening fraction, LVEDD = left ventricular end-diastolic dimension, and LVESD = left ventricular end-systolic dimension. Normal values vary with age and range from 35–45 % in infants to 28–44 % in adolescents and…
where PP = SBP − DBP, MAP = mean arterial pressure, DBP = diastolic blood pressure, PP = pulse pressure, and SBP = systolic blood pressure. Blood flow throughout the circulatory system follows pressure gradients. By the time blood reaches the right…
Fig. 8.1 The supply and drainage configuration of the coronary arterial and venous systems [28]. Reproduced with permission of Springer in the format Educational/Instructional Program via Copyright Clearance Center Fig….
Fig. 37.1 Amplatzer Septal Occluder device. (A) Right atrial angiogram performed after deployment of the device in a secundum atrial septal defect, but before release. The right atrial disc is…
Fig. 1.1 The major components of the cardiovascular system: circulating blood, the blood vessels, the heart, and the lymphatic system. (Left) Major vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart…
Fig. 41.1 Images from perfusion-fixed hearts from the Visible Heart® laboratory’s library : (1) calcified aortic valve (upper left panel), (2) pulmonary valve (upper right panel), (3) subvalvular apparatus of…
Fig. 31.1 Illustration of an implanted CRT system with right atrial, right ventricular, and left ventricular leads. Courtesy of Medtronic plc 31.4 Implantation of CRT Implantation of a CRT system…
Fig. 14.1 General afferent and efferent pathways/connections of the hypothalamus (medial and lateral), the pituitary gland (adeno- and neurohypophysis), the limbic system, the thalamus, and the mesencephalon. Note the medial…
Fig. 39.1 Schematic of a HeartMate SNAP-VE ventricular assist device system. One can see the internal connections at the apex of the left ventricle where there is inflow into the…
Heart rate Blood pressure Mentation Skin perfusion Urine output 50 cm3/h Normal lactate/acid base status Appropriate response to therapeutic interventions 23.2.2 Evaluation of Cardiac Function Another reason for consideration of…
