(1) Department of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA (2) Cardiac Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Pablo Rengifo-Moreno Email:…
Fig. 5.1 Triglycerides are incorporated into lipoproteins via the exogenous and endogenous pathways to form chylomicrons and VLDL, the TRLs. Activity by LPL and HL results in partial hydrolysis and…
Fig. 8.1 The typical end diastolic (a) and end systolic (c) left ventricular angiographic frames from a 72 year old female who presented with an ACS after the death of…
Non-modifiable risk factors: I. Advanced age II. Male sex III. Family history of coronary heart disease Modifiable risk factors: I. Hypertension: Elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure II. Dyslipidemia: High…
Fig. 2.1 Theoretic cross sections of a coronary artery at different stages in the evolution to STEMI. The left panel demonstrates a TCFA with positive remodeling and only mild luminal…
Technique Imaging benefit Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) Quantify plaque burden, identify positive remodeling, calculate area stenosis, calcification IVUS + virtual histology Better define plaque characteristics; identify pathological intimal thickening, thick and…
Chapter 15 Atrial Septal Defect Simple and Complex Galen was aware of the foramen ovale and its normal postnatal closure.1 Botallo described a patent foramen ovale after birth without understanding…
Chapter 20 Patent Ductus Arteriosus Aortopulmonary Window In 1593, Giambattista Carcano, Professor of Anatomy in Pavia, an ancient town in northern Italy, described the ductus arteriosus in his book on…
Chapter 17 Ventricular Septal Defect In 1879, Henri Roger wrote, “A developmental defect of the heart occurs from which cyanosis does not ensue in spite of the fact that a…
Chapter 18 Ventricular Septal Defect with Pulmonary Stenosis Ventricular septal defects with obstruction to right ventricular outflow encompass a wide range of anatomic malformations and their physiologic and clinical expressions….
