Selection of Patients for Carotid Endarterectomy versus Carotid Artery Stenting Ignacio Leal, Antonio Orgaz, Manuel Doblas and Enrique Criado Carotid endarterectomy (CEA) has been shown to decrease the long-term risk…
Diabetes as a Risk Factor in Atherosclerotic Cerebrovascular Disease Tim Bodnar Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been described as an epidemic in progress. By 2050 its prevalence among adults in the…
Pathology of Carotid Artery Atherosclerosis Christopher K. Zarins and Chengpei Xu Atherosclerosis is associated with a number of well-recognized systemic risk factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, cigarette smoking, and diabetes…
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Positron Emission Tomography in the Evaluation of Cerebrovascular Disease Andres Fajardo and Michael C. Dalsing The evolution of diagnostic tools available to study cerebrovascular disease has…
Computed Tomography in Cerebrovascular Disease Ramon Berguer Noncontrast computed tomography (CT) and CT angiography are the gold standards today to select symptomatic patients for surgical or interventional therapies of the…
Chapter 4Carbon monoxide transfer factor: single breath method The carbon monoxide transfer factor (TLCO) measurement is one of the more physiologically and technically complex tests performed in the respiratory function…
Chapter 2Spirometry Spirometry is probably the most commonly performed lung function test. Spirometry measures flow and volume components of ventilatory function and is measured under relaxed or forced conditions. Forced…
Chapter 8When the results do not fit the rules As you become more proficient at interpretation and report writing, and increase the volume of reports you are writing, you will…
Chapter 3Static lung volumes Static lung volumes can be measured in the lung function laboratory by the following methods: Whole body plethysmography Multiple breath washout method Helium dilution method Single…
Chapter 7The importance of quality tests Assessment of test quality is an essential step in the interpretation strategy. A suboptimal quality result reported as a good quality result may result…
