Objectives 1. Introduce the major functions of respiration. 2. Describe the components of the upper and lower airways. 3. Outline and briefly describe the components of the respiratory system including:…
Objectives 1. Provide an overview of the three basic elements of the ventilatory control system. 2. Explain the structure and function of central chemoreceptors and peripheral chemoreceptors and their interrelationship….
Objectives 1. Explain the circulatory and ventilatory changes associated with exercise. 2. Outline three ways that exercise testing can be performed. 3. Describe the five stages of fetal lung development….
Objectives 1. Explain the nine types of acid–base conditions. 2. Distinguish between acute and chronic acid–base conditions and compensatory mechanisms. 3. Explain respiratory compensatory mechanisms. 4. Explain renal compensatory mechanisms….
1. If a patient’s total lung capacity is 5.0 L with a tidal volume of 0.5 L, an inspiratory reserve volume of 3.0 L, and an expiratory reserve volume of…
Abbreviations 1.1 Pressures P b , barometric (ambient) pressure P h 2 o , water vapor pressure 1.2 Respiratory Gases P a , partial pressure of a gas in alveolar…
Chapter 1 1. The alveolar–capillary unit has a large surface area for gas exchange. In addition, there is a short distance between the alveolus and the red blood cell, and…
Objectives 1. Understand the composition of gases from ambient air to the alveoli. 2. Describe the alveolar air equation and its use. 3. Define the alveolar carbon dioxide equation and…
Objectives 1. Explain diffusion limitation and perfusion limitation and their importance in gas exchange 2. Apply Fick’s law to the alveolar–capillary surface. 3. Describe the diffusion of oxygen and carbon…
Objectives 1. Describe the significance of a normal ventilation/perfusion ratio ( <SPAN role=presentation tabIndex=0 id=MathJax-Element-5-Frame class=MathJax style="POSITION: relative" data-mathml='V˙/Q˙’>V˙/Q˙˙V/˙Q V˙/Q˙ ˙V/˙Q V ˙ / Q ˙ ). 2. Characterize the…
