Acute Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure and ARDS
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure Hypoxemic respiratory failure has classically been defined as an arterial P o 2 of less than 60 mm Hg. It is distinguished from hypercapnic respiratory failure (P co 2…
Pneumomediastinum and Mediastinitis
Introduction Pneumomediastinum and mediastinitis are disorders that involve the potential spaces and tissues of the mediastinum. Although both may be present at the same time, for example, after esophageal rupture,…
Lung Transplantation
Introduction Human lung transplantation was first attempted in 1963, but it was not until nearly 2 decades later that extended survival was achieved. Further refinements in patient selection, surgical technique,…
The Lungs in Obstetric and Gynecologic Diseases
Introduction Both respiratory physiology and the respiratory tract’s susceptibility to disease are uniquely altered in gynecologic and obstetric conditions, including normal pregnancy. This chapter summarizes normal physiologic alterations during pregnancy…
Extracorporeal Support of Gas Exchange
Introduction Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a technique of life support that consists of diverting a fraction of the patient’s blood flow (BF) through an artificial lung for gas exchange…
Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias
Introduction The term interstitial lung disease (ILD), in general, implies the clinical manifestation of inflammatory-fibrotic infiltration of the alveolar walls (septa) resulting in profound effects on the capillary endothelium and…
Thoracic Radiology: Noninvasive Diagnostic Imaging
Introduction Imaging plays a major role in the detection, diagnosis, and serial evaluation of thoracic disease. The appropriate use of imaging techniques requires some basic understanding of the technical aspects…
Pulmonary Complications of Stem Cell and Solid Organ Transplantation
Introduction Stem cell transplantation (SCT) is the only known curative treatment for many patients with life-threatening hematologic and solid tumor malignancies. Likewise, solid organ transplantation (SOT) provides life-saving treatment for…
Pulmonary Complications of HIV Infection
Introduction Since the recognition of the first cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 1981, our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and its myriad infectious and noninfectious complications has…
Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Lung Disease
Introduction This chapter will focus on the pulmonary hypertension (PH) that results from chronic lung diseases. This is a common and significant clinical complication of lung disease, and it is…
