Mechanisms of Cryoablation
Key Points • Cryodestruction occurs through two primary mechanisms: immediate and delayed injury. • The use of low temperature as a thermal therapy provides a mode of transient injury that…
History of Cardiac Cryosurgery and Cryoablation
Key Points • The concept of using cryoenergy to treat medical illness has been present since the dawn of recorded history. • Specific application of cryoenergy as a therapeutic modality…
Disorders of the Respiratory Tract Caused by Trauma
Abstract Thoracic trauma, although rare in children, can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Most are sustained due to blunt mechanisms, with motor vehicle accidents being most common. Due to…
Tumors of the Chest
Abstract Tumors of the chest in the pediatric population represent a large collection of pathologies. They can differ in location from the chest wall, to the mediastinum, to the lung…
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Apparent Life-Threatening Events
Abstract When infants die suddenly and unexpectedly, the causes can be effectively considered using a triple risk model of individual infant susceptibility, developmental vulnerability, and environmental stressors. Sleep practices, particularly…
Atelectasis
Abstract Atelectasis describes an incomplete expansion of lung tissue, which may be congenital or acquired. Congenital atelectasis is due to incomplete expansion of the lungs, including primary and secondary congenital…
Respiratory Complications of Down Syndrome
Abstract This chapter reviews the impact of trisomy 21 (the commonest trisomy) upon the respiratory tract, including its impact upon the structure and function of the upper and lower tract,…
Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia
Abstract Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is one of an expanding collection of disorders collectively known as ciliopathies. A rare, inherited disease of the motile cilia, PCD is clinically characterized by…
Primary Immunodeficiency and Other Diseases With Immune Dysregulation
Abstract Primary immunodeficiency states are not uncommon disorders which can affect the innate or adaptive arms of the immune system. All of these diseases have the potential for adverse pulmonary…
Aspiration
Abstract The presence and significance of aspiration is a common consideration for children seen in “aerodigestive centers.” Aspiration, the passage of food or liquid below the larynx, can be acute…
