Peripheral Arterial Disease Assessment and Management
Key Points • Lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a highly prevalent condition in the United States. • The risk factors for PAD are similar to those for arterial…
The Role of Treatment Adherence in Cardiac Risk Factor Modification
Key Points • Treatment adherence is essential for the optimal control of cardiac risk factors. • Poor adherence, with subsequent adverse cardiac outcomes, is evident in hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, smoking…
Clinical Practice Guidelines and Performance Measures in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Key Points • Therapeutic options for treatment of patients to prevent cardiovascular disease events have increased at an exponential rate during the past quarter century. • The Institute of Medicine…
Endothelial Function and Dysfunction
Key Points • Advances in vascular biology and imaging technology have greatly contributed to further elucidation of the complexities of vascular structure and function and the significance of the endothelium…
Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Key Points • Diabetes mellitus is a major independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. • The worldwide prevalence of diabetes is increasing, driven primarily by the rise in type 2…
The Role of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol in the Development of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease
Key Points • HDL-C is inversely correlated with coronary heart disease. • In addition to its pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport, HDL possesses anti-inflammatory, fibrinolytic, and antioxidant properties. •…
Exercise for Restoring Health and Preventing Vascular Disease
Key Points • Increased levels of physical activity and exercise are associated with increased longevity and a decrease in cardiovascular disease risk factors, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes. • By adding…
Role of Vascular Computed Tomography in Evaluation and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Key Points • Global risk assessment approaches for coronary heart disease, such as Framingham risk scores, underestimate long-term risks, especially in young men and postmenopausal women with multiple risk factors….
Cardiovascular Aging: The Next Frontier in Cardiovascular Prevention
Key Points • The incidence and prevalence of most cardiovascular diseases increase with advancing age. • Age is the dominant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, but age has traditionally been…
Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Disease
Key Points • The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors that even in the absence of diabetes precedes development of cardiovascular disease. • Visceral obesity and ensuing insulin…
