Exogenous source Origin Cigarette smoking Cigarette smoke Air pollution (ozone, SO2, NO2) Polluted air Infection Bacteria/virus/fungus/protozoa Endogenous source Location Electron transport chain of mitochondria Endothelial cells Xanthine oxidase system Airway…
Author/year Ref Number of patients ICS dose (μg/day) Study duration Results (FEV1.0, SGRQ, risk of exacerbation, etc) Robertson et al./1986 [17] 83 BDP 1500 2 weeks FEV1: → Weir et al./1990…
Adequate calories to exceed basal energy expenditure slightly Small, frequent meal Timing the main meal to corresponed to the time requiring high energy More protein and fat and less carbohydrate…
Fig. 40.1 Body water distribution (From Agrò and Vennari 2013, pp 1–26) The TCS is a functional compartment represented by the amount of fluid and electrolytes continually exchanged (in and…
Fig. 20.1 Transposition of the great arteries Two main hypotheses are recognized (Marino et al. 2002). Gore and Edwards proposed that TGA was caused by the lack of the normal…
Score Clinical description 1 Patient anxious and agitated or restless or both 2 Patient cooperative, orientated, and tranquil 3 Patient asleep, responds to commands 4 Patient asleep, with brisk response…
Fig. 8.1 Rapid heart rate calculation by dividing the number of large boxes between two consecutive R waves by 300 1. Dividing the number of large boxes between two consecutive…
Compensates the reduction of oxygen-carrying capacity by the anemia by increasing cardiac output (limited response) Adaptation to the low intrauterine oxygen tension by increasing hematocrit through Hb F (70 %…
Preoperative factors Age Neonates Prematures Low birth weight Undeveloped coagulation system and calcium hemostasis Comorbidities Acquired coagulopathies Dilution and trauma post CPB Renal or hepatic insufficiency Congenital coagulopathies von Willebrand…
Fig. 31.1 Illustration of normal coronary anatomy showing the LMT arising from the left coronary sinus and the RCA off the right coronary sinus. The LMT after a short segment…
